Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Meursault Is An Absurdism - 1499 Words

In a universe full of chaos and injustice, society imposes an unspoken order in attempt to control the unknown. Everything must have an explanation, whether justified through social, scientific, or religious means. This notion creates expectations for how people should emotionally respond to events around them. However, when one does not conform to these expectations, a complex conflict arises between that individual and the surrounding society. The Stranger, a translated novella by Albert Camus, takes place in the early 1940s and revolves around Meursault, a French Algerian. Developed through a presentation of his own thoughts, it grows clear that Meursault is an absurdist. He believes that his actions lack significance, refuses to†¦show more content†¦The funeral director is the first to discuss this with him, critically stating, â€Å"You don’t have to justify yourself, my dear boy. I’ve read your mother’s file,† (Camus 4). By leaving Maman under the care of the senior home, Meursault should feel guilty for his actions since he was his mother’s â€Å"sole support† (Camus 4). However, he feels no guilt, similar to how he lacks any sentiment of sorrow during the processions. Individuals of society are conditioned to have a specific pattern of emotional responses elicited by inevitable yet critical life events. Regardless of whether genuinely affected or not, all are expecte d to conform to these behaviors. Thus, it is what Meursault does not do that makes his character such a prominent cause of concern in the context of the literary work. The absence of an emotional relationship with Maman develops justification as to why Meursault did not cry at her funeral, nor feel culpability for placing her in the nursing home. Camus develops the social outcast aspect of his character through these instances of defiance to social rituals. It is significant to consider how although Meursault s preoccupations are unusual, he still runs through the motions of cultural norms. He attends the funeral, has a girlfriend, and enjoyed the companionship of his friend Raymond. The real threat of hisShow MoreRelatedCamus Philosophical View Of Absurdism In Meursaults The Stranger1175 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter Meursault. No opening sentences of the novel and body somersaults absurdist outlook on life, his emotional indifference and detachment to people, and his passive be quiet alienation from the rest of society. he doesnt even know which day his mother died and to him it, ‘doesnt mean anything’ anyway. Throughout this novel camus explains to us through the actions of his main character, what he meant by the game. Along with that, Camus portrayal of the philosophical view of absurdism, and lastlyRead MoreThe Topic of Defiance of Societal Rules in The Stranger Through Absurdism1018 Words   |  5 Pageswhat extent does the topic of defiance of societal rules in The Stranger convey the theme of Absurdism in the novel? The sub-themes of femininity, individuality, and isolation connect to the overarching theme of absurdism as an acceptable way to live life. Albert Camus conveys the idea of Absurdism throughout the novel through the main characters. The Stranger is written from the perspective of Meursault, a young male with an absurdist mind-set. From the beginning of the novel his indifference toRead MoreThe Death Of A Free Man1454 Words   |  6 PagesAfter committing murder, Meursault was arrested and put in jail. While in jail, he had to see the magistrate a few times, and in those visits he found himself being irritated because of the heat. As Meursault was being questioned, he felt the air â€Å"getting hotter and hotter† (Camus 69), and it creates a mood of irritation. He did not want to hear anymore of the imposing tirade given by the magistrate. Then Meursault stated that he â€Å"could see the red sand and feel the burning of the sun on [his] forehead†Read MoreLiterary Analysis: How Meursault Is Indifferent in the Stranger, by Albert Camus874 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actionsRead MoreExistentialism And Absurdism In Jean Paul Camuss The Stranger1389 Words   |  6 PagesCamus’ novel The Stranger exemplifies his philosophy of absurdism. At first glance, it appears to be similar, if not the same, to Jean Paul Sartre’s philosophy of existentialism. However, the two are, in fact, significantly different in thought. While existentialism suggests that a person can create their own meaning in life, absurdism states that the search for significance is foolish because there is none to begin with, but people should still accept (an d indirectly reject) what life has to offerRead MoreAlberts Aimless Absurdity898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Albert Camus’ novella, The Stranger, he exposes his beliefs on absurdism through the narration of Meursault. Camus’ definition of absurdism is a philosophy based on the belief that the universe is illogical and meaningless. Camus, founder of absurdism and French Nobel Prize winning author, sends the reader his underlying theme that life is meaningless and has no ulti-mate significance. This underlying theme of life’s absurdity is extremely personal to Camus through his own individual experiencesRead MoreAbsurdism In Albert Camuss The Myth Of Sisyphus1051 Words   |  5 PagesMyth of Sisyphus, Camus). Absurdism asserts that the world is complex and chaotic and that searching for meaning of any kind is futile. This suggests that life itself is meaningless given the indifference of the universe towards human existence. To understand absurdism, one must, as Cam us does, reject all notions of god and allow that the significance of human life is only understood through acceptance of human mortality. This is reflected in the main character, Meursault, as the change in his consciousnessRead MoreAnalysis Of Meursault A Stranger To Society1026 Words   |  5 PagesMeursault, a man living in Algiers, takes a bus to Marengo to attend his mother’s funeral after receiving a telegram. After the funeral, he seems unaffected by her death and he briefly describes his outing with Marie, his co-worker. Later on, he meets Raymond, an abuser of women, and agrees to go with him to his friend’s beach house. There, he gets entangled in a ruthless murder, and is ultimately sentenced to death. During his last hours, Meursault realizes how meaningless and pointless life isRead MoreThe Stranger - Meursaults Trial Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesAfter only a few days of trial, the jury in The Stranger declares that the main character, Meursault, is t o be executed by guillotine in the town square. The trial and its verdict are one of the important parts of the novel, as Albert Camus uses them as a metaphor to summarize the two main tenets of absurdism. Camus uses the trial and persecution of Meursault to express his belief that the justice system is flawed because of his absurdist ideals that truth does not exist, and human life is preciousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Absurd 1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Absurd It is safe to say the idea of absurdism can be linked to meaningless, and other such words that express a destination without the means to there and vice versa. In Camus’ famous fictional novel, he shows how one’s perception of life can be effected when faced with death. The Stranger reflects Camus’ philosophical stance on absurdism. There is no truth, no certainty, or any unwavering, non-relative laws in life. There is no sense in pursuing impossibilities. But if life is in a sense pointless

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Diabetes Mellitus is a Lifelong Condition that Affects...

A lifelong condition, Diabetes mellitus affect the body by not producing the required insulin that is needed affecting glucose in the body. Glucose is a sugar which is required to fuel the cells in the body. Insulin is a hormone made from the beta cells in the pancreas, help the body regulate the sugar need in the body during metabolism. Two main times of diabetes that commonly are affecting known are, Type 1 and Type 2. Known for beginning in childhood, Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where our pancreas is failing in producing insulin due to antibodies damaging our pancreas. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes can start with family history, which is increased if a person has a parent or relative with the disease. Viral exposure can trigger the autoimmune system to affect the cell in the pancreas. symptoms that can be present during high blood sugar are polyphagia, excessive hunger due to lack of nutrition absorption. Polydipsia, excessive thirst due to frequent urination progr essing into dehydration. Polyuria meaning excessive urination due to the kidneys wanting to exceed the large amounts of sugar in the body. Lack of energy due to the deficiency of nutrition needed in the body. Blurry vision and unexpected weight loss. Three diagnosis that can be used for type 1 diabetes. It can start with a FBG where they receive a blood sample early in the morning after being NPO after midnight the night before reading the sugar level on a normal scale of 70-140 mg/dl. A secondShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Diseases That Affect Your Body Uses Blood Sugar1601 Words   |  7 Pages2056 FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Annabelle Anglo 03/17/2015 According to Mayo Clinic, â€Å"Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it s an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It s also your brain s main source of fuel.† (Mayo Clinic, 2005) Diabetes Mellitus has 3 types: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. Type 1Read MoreDiabetes Mellitus : The Leading Chronic Disease1102 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading chronic diseases that can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia due to a lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or both. The four main types of diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types (Darby, 2015, 824). A high rate of periodontal disease has been reported with type 1 and 2 diabetesRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type II1041 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases caused by the insulin resistance that body generates within. It is a serious public health issue currently. There are different types of diabetes we encounter nowadays, but the three main types are Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The type II diabetes is a non-controlled disease and it is the most common and also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016)Read MoreDiabetes Essay examples1471 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes In the United States, an estimated 16 million people have diabetes. Diabetes is a serious lifelong condition. Half the 16 million people who have diabetes do not even realize the condition exists and are not receiving treatment. 798,000 people each year are diagnosed with diabetes. It occurs most often in adults, but it is also one of the most chronic disorder in children. It is estimated that 123,000 children ages 19 and belowRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type II1039 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases caused by the insulin resistance that body generates within. It is a serious public health issue currently. There are different types of diabetes we encounter nowadays, but the three main types are Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The type II diabetes is a non-controlled disease and it is the most common and also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes (Diabete s Mellitus,2005-2016)Read MoreNaturally Treating Type Two Diabetes Mellitus1666 Words   |  7 Pages Naturally Treating Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Devon Helton Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical Collegeâ€Æ' Abstract One of the most common diseases today is one that can be found in any country, and affect anyone, regardless of age, sex, race or gender. Type two diabetes mellitus affects millions of people every single day, and the majority of these millions of people will turn to medication for treatment. However, there are certain choices that can be made and actions that can be takenRead MoreThe Development Of Diabetes Mellitus1226 Words   |  5 Pagesmetabolism. Without this hormone, glucose cannot enter body cells and blood glucose levels rise. As a result, the individual may begin to experience symptoms of hyperglycemia. Plainly expressed, this process is the development of diabetes mellitus. â€Å"Numbers have increased in recent years because so many Americans are overweight. Also, testing accuracy has improved, therefore confirming more cases. The number of people with diabetes is expected to double as more people live to middle andRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus is a Lifelong Metabolism Disorder1504 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus is a chronic, lifelong metabolism disorder that affects the ability of the body system to use the energy found in food. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia)[1].The use of certain parameters that are related to diabetes mellitus diagnosis can be used to enhance the test classification of patients, whether diabetes is present or not.can make diabetes to beRead MoreType 2 Diabetes : A Silent Killer1419 Words   |  6 PagesType 2 diabetes is a silent killer that often has no symptoms. Diabetes is a life-long chronic disease that affects your whole body. Being overweight, eating unhealthy, and not exercising leads to a lot of health complications that may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle choices such as healthy foods and moderate physical activity are important for an individual to stay healthy. Practicing a healthy lifestyle is essential in preventing the development of type 2 diabetes. Read MoreWhat Is Diabetes? Types Of Diabetes Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is Diabetes? Types Of Diabetes By Harshad Jethra | Submitted On June 05, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Harshad Jethra Diabetes is also referred to as diabetes mellitus, and may

Monday, December 9, 2019

Halloween Creatives Essay Example For Students

Halloween Creatives Essay Halloween It was a dark and stormy Halloween night and Sal and Jess her best friend were at Sals house for the night to watch movies. Knock, Knock, Knock, Sal, someones at the door do you want me to answer it?, Jess yelled to Sal who was upstairs doing her hair in the bathroom. Yeah Cool Jess its probably just some more annoying trick or treaters anyway, replied Sal. Jess got up off the couch and approached the door making sure to peer through the peephole to see who it was. All she could make out were two small dark figures so she guessed they were trick or treaters. She then opened the door just enough so she could have the latch on. Grrrrrrr we are the creatures from hell, screamed the smaller of the two figures. Both the figures were dressed with a bed sheet that had obviously been painted black and thrown over their heads with just two tiny holes where the eyes would be. The other figure then said whats it gunna be lady, trick or treat? Jess opened the door fully now and beckoned them to come inside. Just wait here, she said as she ran up the stairs and into the bathroom where Sal was still combing her hair. Sal what should I give those two boys, asked Jess. I dunno give them one of those chocolate things near the fridge, Sal replied. Jess turned and went back down the stairs into the kitchen to find the bars. Are you still there boys?, she yelled. But there was no reply. Jess stopped and went back to the front door. To her surprise the boys had vanished and there was no sign of them. Fine she thought to herself at least it saves two more chocolate bars for me. Suddenly Jess heard a voice but she didnt know what it said or where it was coming from. Is somebody there?, Jess inquired taking a huge gulp at the same time. Yeah me, replied the voice in a strong tone. Arggghhhhh Jess screamed as she saw a tall man bearing a long sharp knife. Jess turned around and bolted back up the stairs as fast as she could. Sal, Sal thethe theres a huge guy with a knife downstairs, Jess stuttered. What are you on about Jess?, replied Sal. Im serious Sal theres a guy with a knife downstairs and hes gunna kill us, shrieked Jess as the panic set in. Sal was begining to get worried now as she tried to think straight. Now calm down Jess, Sal said softly, There are two of us and only one of him right?, Right!, replied Jess. So all we gotta do is each grab something heavy and go face this guy head to head, explained Sal. Sal slowly began walking out of the bathroom and beckoned Jess to follow. The girls now proceeded along the hall and into Sals room. Sal looked for her baseball bat while Jess ran to Sals brothers room for something she could use to hit this intruder. She found a golf club lying under his bed, grabbed it and ran out the room, her and Sal met just above the stairs. You ready?, she asked, Readier than ill ever be!, Sal replied, not so enthusiasticly. OK, here goes! The two girls now began to make there way downstairs both shivering in terror. Suddenly it all got too much and Jess collapsed and began tumbling down the stairs. She rolled all the way to the bottom dropped her golf club and then landed flat on her back motionless. .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .postImageUrl , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:hover , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:visited , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:active { border:0!important; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:active , .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ccb236d3836c3c8d1f7ec02e1c8ac9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Narrative - My Changing Life Essay At that the moment Sal who was standing still in shock noticed a man enter through the front door and move towards Jess brandishing a knife and a briefcase. Sal screamed at the top of her voice you leave my friend alone you bastard, and charged towards the man swinging her bat. Sal had a huge swing but didnt actually connect with the man who was now bent down next to Jess asking her if she was alright. The man then looked up at Sal and said, Wow thats some greeting you two have got there. Sal stopped for a moment and stared at the man with a confused expression. Im Tim Shaw from Demtal Shopping Service and I was wondering whether you girls were interested in purchasing the one and only Tasaki meat knife, explained the man. Jess who was now sitting upright began .

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Philippine Peso Essay Example

Philippine Peso Essay Philippine Peso is the currency of the Philippines. The Central Bank of the Philippines, the Bangko Sentral ny Pilipinas (BSP) administers foreign exchange controls and all other currency problems in the Philippines. The former Marcos government of Philippines, known for its corruption, always aimed at retaining the foreign exchange earnings from traditional exporters. From 1970 to 1984, the Philippines had an intermittent history of multiple rate structure with different rates to foreign exchange transactions for exports, imports and foreign debts, on the basis of a daily Guided Rate.From 1970 till 1973, traditional exporters were required to surrender 80% of the foreign exchange earning at a Official Rate fixed at 3. 9, which is more disadvantageous to exporters than other rates. This requirement was later replaced by a stabilization tax on traditional exports, which also worked to siphon off the gains of traditional exports. (Bautista, 1987) In mid 1980s, with the economic takeoff of the neighbouring Asia-Pacific area, the Philippines witnessed the importance of removing distortions in its economic regimes and opening up the highly protected economy.Read also The Philippine Peso Us Dollar Exchange RateAlso partly due to the 1983 financial crisis, in 1984 the multiple rate structure was abolished. Ever since then, the Philippines has maintained a floating exchange rate regime. An Inter-bank Rate, determined on the basis of supply and demand in the exchange market, has governed all transactions. The authorities intervene in the medium to maintain orderly market conditions and the political objectives. In addition, the Bankers Association maintains a Reference Rate as the Peso-U. S. Dollar convention rate for customs valuation purposes and for computation of import duties/taxies.Major sources of reference include: 1. World Currency Yearbook. (WCY) 2. Annual Report on Exchange Arrangement and Exchange Restriction. (IMF)Â   3. Romeo M. Bautista (1987): Productio n Incentives in Philippine Agriculture: Effects of Trade and Exchange Policies. | Â  | Â  | | Date| Changes to the exchange rate regime| Peso per U. S. Dollar| 8 November 1965| The fluctuating free rate was abolished. (WCY, 1984, p. 614)Â  | 3. 900Â  | 21 February 1970| A multiple rate structure with a Mixed Rate (not explained in WCY) was reinstated based on a controlled, floating Official Free Flucturating Guided Rate. WCY, 1984, p. 614) . The daily Guided Rate was establishedby the Bankers Association. (IMF 1976, p. 369). 80% of foreign exchange earnings from some traditional exports (including copra, sugar, logs, and copper concentrates) were to be surrendered to the Central Bank at the Official Rate of P3. 90 per U. S. Dollar, while the remaining 20% could be sold at the free market rate. (Bautista, 1987, p. 24)Â  | 5. 500Â  | May 1970| The requirement of surrender 80% of export earnings was replaced by a stabilization tax on traditional exports. (Bautista, 1987, p. 4)Â  | Â  | 22 September 1970| Â  | 6. 435Â  | 20 December 1970|The gold content of the Peso was cut 7. 89%, paralleling the U. S. Dollar devaluation. | Â  | 26 April 1972| Â  | 6. 780Â  | 13 February 1973| The gold content of the Peso was cut 10%, in the aftermath of the U. S. Dollar devaluation. (WCY 1984, p. 614)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1974| Â  | 7. 070Â  | 1975| In spot transactions between commercial banks and customers, the maximum and minimum spot buying rates are 0. 5% and 1% below the guiding rate, respectively. The minimum and maximum spot selling rates are 0. 75% and 1. 5 % above the guiding rate, respectively. (IMF 1976, p. 369)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1975| Â  | 7. 510Â  | 31 December 1976| Â  | 7. 440Â  | 1977| For spot transactions in excess of US$100,000 between banks and their customers, the margins are competitively determined. (IMF 1978, p. 331)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1977| Â  | 7. 380Â  | 31 December 1978| Â  | 7. 380Â  | 31 December 1979| Â  | 7. 420 Â  | 31 December 1980| Â  | 7. 600Â  | 31 December 1981| Â  | 8. 200Â  | 31 December 1982| Â  | 9. 170Â  | 23 June 1983| Â  | 11. 000Â  | 5 October 1983| Inter-bank trading in foreign exchange was suspended.The Guided Rate was phased out in favor of a controlled, floating Effective Rate. (WCY 1984, p. 614)Â  | 14. 000Â  | 31 December 1983| Â  | 14. 000Â  | 1984| All spot buying and selling margins were to be determined on a competitive basis. (IMF 1985, p. 400)Â  | Â  | 6 June 1984| The exchange rate system was revised into a de facto multiple rate structure as follows: The Effective Rate applied only to essential imports and interest on the foreign debt. Based on a 10% tax on the purchase of foreign exchange, an exchange for other transactions.An exchange rate for export proceeds. The Black Market Rate was officially recognized as the major source of foreign exchange. (The exchange rate for purchase of exchange in other transactions: 19. 80; Export proceeds were exch anged at P16. 20 per U. S. dollar; The Black Market Rate: P20. 00-P24. 00) (WCY 1985, p. 669)Â  | 18. 000Â  | 10 October 1984| The multiple rate structure was abolished. Inter-bank trading in foreign exchange was resumed. An Interbank Rate, determined on the basis of supply and demand in the exchange market, was to govern all transactions.Authorities intervene when necessary to maintain orderly conditions. (WCY 1990-1993, p. 510) Â  | Â  | 13 December 1984| The Peso-U. S. Dollar guiding rate was abolished. (IMF. 1986. p. 422) Â  | Â  | 31 December 1984| Â  | 19. 760Â  | 29 March 1985| The Central Bank announced that, the reference rate of the Bankers Association should be the Peso-U. S. Dollar conversion rate for customs valuation purposes and for computation of import duties/taxies. (IMF. 1986. p. 422)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1985| Â  | 19. 030Â  | 31 December 1986| Â  | 20. 530Â  | 31 December 1987| Â  | 20. 800Â  | 1 December 1988| Â  | 21. 340Â  | 31 December 1989 | Â  | 22. 440Â  | 13 September 1990| Guidelines were issued that the buying rate for spot transactions must not be less than 1% below the reference rate of the Bankers Association, while the spot selling rate must not be more than 2% above the reference rate.For transactions other than spot, the buying rate must not be less than 1% below the spot buying rate, while the selling rate must not be more than 1% above the spot selling rate. (IMF. 1991, p. 398)Â  | Â  | 31 October 1990| Â  | 28. 000Â  | 31 December 1990| Â  | 28. 000Â  | 8 January 1991| The margins for spot buying and selling rates for commercial reference transactions around the official reference rate were eliminated. (IMF. 1991, p. 400)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1991| Â  | 26. 650Â  | 30 July 1992| A system of eight-hour continuous interbank foreign exchange trading under the Philippine Dealing System (PDS) was introduced. (IMF. 1993, p. 405)Â  | Â  | 31 December 1994| Â  | 24. 418Â  | 31 December 1995| Â   | 26. 214Â  | 15 March 1998| The authorities allowed the Peso to float more freely against the dollar by lifting the volatility bank system.The band include a 6% limit around the exchange rate of the previous day, with trading being suspended for the remainder of the day if the limit was reached. (IMF 1999, p. 683)Â  | Â  | Notes:Throughout the course, the Philippine authority posted an Official Rate of P3. 90 per U. S. Dollar. This rate was originally used for exporters to surrender their exchange earnings to the Central Bank since 1965. However, this rate is now left inoperative since the exporters are not required to render their export earnings any more. (WCY 1986-1987, p. 511)|